India, the most populated nation on planet earth is also known for its rich diversity and its embrace of secular democracy post-independence. A young nation with tremendous resources, the country today stands at a crossroads of deep change that aims to transform it. Technology has become a major driving force behind this transformation, fostering economic growth, innovation, and unprecedented connectivity. Yet, this same digital revolution has also unveiled new complexities, including the rising challenges related to religious freedom. In particular, the intersection of technology and social divisions is increasingly shaping the narrative around religious minorities, including Christians, who find themselves caught in this shifting landscape.
The question we must ask is whether technology, intended to empower, can inadvertently fuel societal tensions? How can a nation that prides itself on secular values and the harmonious coexistence of its various communities ensure that technology does not become a tool for division?
The Role of Technology in Modern India
Technology has undeniably reshaped the way we live, interact, and conduct our affairs. India, with its vast population and growing digital infrastructure, has made significant strides in digital inclusion. Messaging platforms, social media, and other forms of online communication are now integral parts of daily life for millions of Indians.
However, as with all innovations, there is a dual edge to technology's widespread adoption. While it connects people across distances, it also enables the rapid dissemination of information — and, in some cases, misinformation. It is in this context that we begin to see technology playing an unexpected role in social tensions, including those related to religious freedom as uncovered by a report carried by Rest of World, a non-profit publication.
Religious Minorities and the Digital Age
India's commitment to secularism and diversity has long been a source of pride. Yet, in recent years, religious minorities, including Christians, have reported increasing incidents of persecution, sometimes facilitated by digital tools. Religious Liberty Commission of the Evangelical Fellowship of India (EFIRLC) has been documenting the violence against Christians since 1998 and documented 601 incidents in 2023 alone. More troublingly, over 570 incidents were reported in the first nine months of 2024, signalling an alarming rise.
The United Christian Forum (UCF), another watchdog monitoring incidents against Christians, documented over 687 cases of violence in 2023 and 585 incidents in the first nine months of 2024.
This pattern is not unique to India. Around the world, religious minorities have been targeted using social media platforms and messaging services. The speed and reach of these digital tools can amplify tensions that might have previously been contained. In India, popular platforms like WhatsApp have been used by some groups to coordinate activities that target religious minorities, creating concerns about how digital technology can be misused.
A Closer Look at Technology's Influence
As per the report carried by Rest of World, in regions like Bastar in Chhattisgarh, there have been reports of digital coordination by certain right-wing groups aimed at disrupting Christian gatherings, forcibly converting Christians to some form of syncretic tribal-Hindu religion or enforcing community norms that do not align with India's secular principles. For instance, it has been reported that messaging platforms are sometimes used to mobilize individuals quickly, particularly during sensitive moments such as funerals or religious gatherings. As a result, Christians have been unable to bid a decent farewell to their departed loved ones or even celebrate events like weddings and birthdays etc. without inviting violence. All this leaves us with questions about the responsibilities that come with digital power.
At the same time, Rest of World and other publications have reported and the author of this opinion piece has personally witnessed that these very incidents also highlight the resilience of the affected Christian communities. Many Christians in these regions continue to practice their faith with quiet strength, drawing on God’s power and relying on the democratic values of India to uphold their right to religious freedom.
The Legal and Social Implications
India's legal framework, including its constitution, guarantees the right to freely profess, practice and propagate one’s religion. However, the introduction of anti-conversion laws in a dozen Indian states has stirred debate, not only about balancing the prevention of forced conversions with protecting individual freedoms but also about the misuse of these laws at the hands of anti-social elements. While designed to preserve religious integrity, these laws can, when misapplied, be perceived as instruments of discrimination, often leaving religious minorities vulnerable to exploitation by certain groups.
What comes through is a complex interplay between law, society, and technology. While legal protections are in place, the reality on the ground suggests that enforcement can be uneven, with some religious minorities feeling more vulnerable to harassment. The digital sphere adds another layer to this challenge, as it is difficult to regulate how platforms are used for mobilization without infringing on legitimate free speech.
Moving Forward with Responsibility
In such a situation, the need for thoughtful action becomes crucial. Stakeholders at all levels must recognize that technology, while a force for good, also requires responsible usage. Platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook, and other digital tools must take proactive steps to ensure they are not misused for divisive purposes. This could include better content monitoring, working with local authorities, and setting clearer guidelines for the use of their services in sensitive areas.
At the same time, the government and law enforcement agencies have an important role to play. Upholding constitutional values and protecting all citizens, regardless of faith, is key to maintaining India's democratic fabric. Ensuring that the laws intended to prevent persecution are enforced fairly and that incidents of harassment are thoroughly investigated will reinforce India’s standing as a pluralistic society.
A Global Perspective on Digital Responsibility
As stated earlier, India’s experience is not isolated. Countries across the world are grappling with the ways in which technology intersects with social issues, including religious freedom. The international community is increasingly aware of the challenges that digital platforms pose, and there are ongoing efforts to ensure that these platforms remain spaces for connection rather than conflict.
International human rights organizations and global tech companies are already engaged in dialogue on how to create digital ecosystems that protect vulnerable populations. India, as a global leader in technology and democracy, has an opportunity to lead by example, ensuring that its digital future remains one of inclusion and respect for all communities.
A Call for Collaboration
Ultimately, addressing the challenges posed by technology in relation to religious freedom requires a collective effort. Governments, civil society, tech companies, and religious organizations must work together to create a framework that promotes harmony while addressing legitimate concerns.
For Christians and other religious minorities in India, the goal is not to seek special treatment but to ensure that their rights, as guaranteed by the constitution, are respected. The broader Indian society, known for its tolerance and coexistence, possesses the ability to rise to this challenge and ensuring that technology becomes a force for unity rather than division.
Rev. Vijayesh Lal is the General Secretary of the Evangelical Fellowship of India.
